The Rose Revolution of 2003 in Georgia, which resulted in the ousting of President Eduard Shevardnadze and the rise of Mikheil Saakashvili, has been widely portrayed as a grassroots movement for democracy and change. However, a deeper examination reveals the hidden hand of the United States in orchestrating this so-called revolution. Drawing parallels with the Serbian youth movement Otpor, which received substantial funding and support from US government agencies, it becomes clear that the Rose Revolution was not an organic uprising but rather a carefully planned and executed regime change operation. This article aims to explore the origins, motivations, and consequences of the Rose Revolution, shedding light on the US involvement and its broader geopolitical objectives.
Origins of the Rose Revolution: Lessons from Otpor
To understand the roots of the Rose Revolution, we must first examine the Serbian youth movement Otpor, which played a pivotal role in mobilizing the masses and overthrowing President Slobodan Milosevic. Otpor, meaning "resistance" in Serbian, emerged as an anti-Milosevic movement that effectively organized and mobilized university-aged people to challenge the regime. Otpor received significant funding from programs run by USAID, the National Endowment for Democracy, and the International Republican Institute, among others. These funds were utilized to purchase essential resources such as cell phones, recruit and train election monitors, and create a compelling propaganda campaign to mobilize public support. Furthermore, Otpor members received extensive training in nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience techniques, provided by organizations like the International Republican Institute.
The emergence of Kmara, a group of Georgian student activists, closely mirrored the tactics and strategies employed by Otpor. Recognizing the success of Otpor in Serbia, members of Otpor, including prominent figure Slobodan Djinovic, traveled to Georgia to train and mentor Kmara activists in the months leading up to the Rose Revolution. Kmara, which translates to "Enough!" in Georgian, adopted the signature clenched fist logo and employed similar techniques of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. In addition to training, Kmara also received funding from various sources, including George Soros's Open Society Foundation and the Georgia Open-Source Foundation. The United States, too, played a significant role by investing $2.4 million in Georgia's election system, although the details of the recipients of this funding remain undisclosed.
Geopolitical Interests: The US Agenda in Georgia
The United States had a vested interest in promoting regime change in Georgia, as part of its broader mission to bring former Soviet republics into its sphere of influence. This geopolitical objective was intertwined with economic interests, particularly related to the construction of an oil pipeline through Georgia. By bypassing Russia and Iran, the United States aimed to ensure a secure and reliable route for oil transportation from the Caspian Sea to international markets. The success of this pipeline project relied heavily on maintaining a stable and pro-Western government in Georgia. Therefore, the US government had invested significant diplomatic and political capital in supporting and consolidating political forces aligned with its interests.
Mikheil Saakashvili, the hand-picked successor to Shevardnadze, was well-suited to the US agenda. He had strong ties to the United States, having graduated from prestigious American universities and demonstrated his loyalty by collaborating with the US Embassy and American Bar Association to purge Soviet-era judges from Georgia's legal system. Saakashvili's education and connections made him an ideal candidate for the US-backed regime change operation, as he possessed a Western-oriented outlook and a commitment to implementing pro-Western policies.
Russian Perspective: An Unexpected Welcome
Contrary to the portrayal of Russian President Vladimir Putin as an enemy of democracy, his administration was surprisingly optimistic about Shevardnadze's ousting. Shevardnadze's government had provided aid and shelter to Chechen terrorists, leading to occasional Russian incursions into Georgian airspace to target these groups. As a result, the Russian government welcomed the removal of Shevardnadze, viewing it as an opportunity for improved relations with a new Georgian leadership. Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov played a significant role in negotiating a peaceful transition of power from Shevardnadze to the Rose Revolution opposition, further underscoring the positive stance of the Russian government.
Unfulfilled Promises and Unintended Consequences
Despite the initial optimism surrounding the Rose Revolution, the post-revolutionary era in Georgia failed to deliver substantial economic or political improvements to the majority of the population. Income inequality persisted, with most income growth disproportionately benefiting the top 20% of Georgian society. The promises of democracy and prosperity remained elusive for many Georgians, as they experienced a continued lack of fair distribution of income and limited social welfare provisions.
Furthermore, under Saakashvili's leadership, the US-backed government in Georgia focused on militarization and authoritarian tendencies. The government received significant funding from NATO, which resulted in a substantial increase in defense expenditures. Georgia became one of the most militarized states in the world, with defense spending rising from 1.1% of GDP in 2003 to 9.2% of GDP in 2007. This militarization created an ultranationalist regime on Russia's border, armed with significant resources and determined to suppress minority rights under the pretext of upholding the rule of law. The consolidation of an authoritarian regime, backed by the US, went against the initial ideals of democracy and freedom that the Rose Revolution claimed to champion.
The Rose Revolution in Georgia, which was portrayed as a popular uprising for democracy, was, in reality, a US-backed regime change operation. Drawing inspiration from the Serbian youth movement Otpor, the United States provided substantial funding and training to Georgian student activists, ultimately leading to the downfall of President Shevardnadze and the rise of Mikheil Saakashvili. The US had vested interests in maintaining a pro-Western government in Georgia to safeguard its geopolitical objectives, particularly related to the construction of an oil pipeline. However, the promises of democracy and prosperity for Georgians were not fulfilled, and instead, Georgia experienced an increase in income inequality and the consolidation of an authoritarian regime. The Rose Revolution serves as a cautionary tale, exposing the hidden agendas and unintended consequences of US-backed regime change operations.
-Sarah